am\-hn-I-Xm-hm-Zhpw apÉow
_p²n-Po-hn-Ifpw
apÉow _p²n-Po-h-I-fpw.
bpànbpw aXhpw
X½n s]mcp-¯-s¸-Sp-I-bnà F¶ hmZw bpàn-hm-Zn-I-fp-tSXp am{X-a-Ã. bpàn-bp-ambn
s]mcp-¯-s¸-Sp¯n am{Xw aXs¯ a\-Ên-em-¡mt\m hnizm-kn-I-fm-bn-¯o-cmt\m Ign-sª¶p
hcnà F¶p aX-hn-izm-kn-I-fn ]ecpw AwKo-I-cn-bv¡m³ X¿m-dm-Wv.
CÉm-anI Ncn{X \nÀ½m-W-k-anXn {]kn-²o-I-cn¨
"k¼qÀ® CÉmw Ncn{X'sa¶ {KÙ-¯nsâ Bap-J-¯n lmPn sI.-_n.-A-_q-_-¡À ]d-bp-¶Xp
ChnsS FSp-¯p-tNÀ¡-s«x
"B[p-\n-I-sa-¶m bpàn kl-P-sa-¶mWv
s]mXp [mcW. ]s£, CÉm-ansâ hnj-b-§Ä FÃmw ]qÀ®-ambpw bpàn¡p tbmPn-¸n-bv¡pI
km[y-aà Xs¶.'
C{Xbpw ]d-ª-Xn-\p-tijw "CÉm-ansâ
XXz-kw-ln-X-bmb hnip-²-JpÀ B³ Bcw`w þ ^m¯nl Ign-ª-tijw Xs¶ ImWpI' F¶
\nÀt±-i-t¯msS B `mKw ]cn-`m-j-s¸-Sp¯n D²-cn-bv¡p-¶px
"Aen-^v, emw, aow, CXmWv {KÙw. CXnÂ
bmsXmcp kwi-b-hp-anÃ. kq£n-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v Cu {KÙw hgn ImWn-bv¡p-¶-Xm-Wv.
kq£n-bv¡p-¶-hÀ adª Imcy-§-fn hniz-kn-¡p-¶-h-cm-Wv.
AÚm-Xhpw AtÚ-bhpw Bb Imcy-§-fn AÔ-ambn
hnizkn-¡m³ Hcp¡-ap-Å-hÀt¡ JpÀ-B³ Hcp amÀK-\nÀt±-i-sa¶ \ne-bn {]tbm-P-\-s¸Sq!
At±lw XpS-cp-¶p.
"hnip² JpÀ B³ Xs¶ J_vdnse
tNmtZym-¯-cw, Jnbm-aw, alvi-d, ]p\ÀPo-hn-Xw, hnNm-c-W, in£bpw c£bpw BZn-bmb adª
Imcy-§-fn hniz-kn-¡p-¶-h-cmWv kXy hnizm-kn-IÄ F¶pw, AhÀ¡mWv hnip-²-JpÀ B\nÂ
bmsXmcp kwi-bhpw CÃm-¯-sX¶pw hyà-am-¡p-t¼mÄ bpàn Nn´-bvs¡m-¯p-am{Xw aXs¯
ho£n-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v CÉm-an Øm\-an-söv hyà-am-btÃm?. (1)
CXv kXy-k-Ô-X-bp-ff Hcp apÉo-ansâ þ apÉow
tamtU-Wn-k-¯nsâ aXn-{`aw _m[n-¨n-«n-Ãm¯ aX-`-àsâ kao-]-\w.
F¶m aX-]-cn-jvI-c-W-¯nsâ I]-S-amb
Bth-i-hp-ambn \S-¡p¶ apPm-ln-Zp-Ifpw B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS _mlym hc-W-hp-ambn
{]Xy-£-s¸-Sp¶ Pam-þ-As¯ CÉm-an-I-fpw, ]s£ ]qÀ® bpàn-hm-Zn-IÄ X§Ä am{X-am-sW¶
Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-¡m-cmWv!
apÉow kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ Ncn{Xw ]Tn-bv¡m³
B{K-ln-¡p-¶-hÀ bpàn Nn´-s¡m¯v CÉmw aXs¯ hymJym-\n-¡m³ ]gb Ime¯v NneÀ \S-¯nb
{ia-§-fpsS ^e-sa-´m-sb¶v a\-Ên-em-¡m³
{ian-¡-Ww. {Ko¡v XXz-im-kv{X-hp-ambn JpÀ B\n-I-hm-Z-§Ä s]mcp-¯-s¸-Sp-¯m³ \S-¯nb
{iaw, apÉow kaq-Zm-b-¯nse ]gb XXz-Nn-´-I-·msc CÉm-anI hr¯-¯n\p ]pd¯p t]mIm-\mWv
klm-bn-¨-Xv. AÂIn-µn, AÂ^m-dm-_n, C_v\p-ko\ XpS-§n-b-hÀ hym]-cn-¸n¨
XXzNn´m-]-c-amb kwkvIm-cs¯ t\cn-«p-\n¶v sNdp-¯p-tXmÂ]n-¡m³ AÂK-Êmen F¶ ]WvUn-X³
ZmÀi-\n-I-cpsS IrXn-I-fn \n¶pw Ccp-]Xp XnÊo-Êp-IÄ FSp¯p ImWn-¨p-sh¶pw AXnÂ
]Xn-t\gv F®w _nZv-A-¯p-IÄ (Ip-ä-I-c-amb ]pXp-\nÀ½n-Xn) BsW¶pw Ah-ti-jn¨ aps¶®w
hyà-amb I^vÀ (ssZ-h-\n-µ) Xs¶-sb¶pw hn[n-¡p-I-bp-m-sb¶pw Ncn{Xw ]d-bp-¶p.
]cn-jvI-cW hmZn-IÄ¡n-S-bn _p²n-]-c-amb kXy-k-ÔX ]men-¡-W-sa¶v
\nÀ_-Ô-apÅhcp-WvsS-¦n Ah-cpsS Adn-hn-te-¡mbn B aq¶p A\n-kvfm-anI \nK-a-\-§Ä
CXmx
1) temIw ({]-]©w) imiz-X-am-sW¶ \ne-]mSv
2) AÃm-lp-hn\v {]tXy-I-§-fnse AÚX
3) `uXnI PV-¯nsâ ]p\-cp-°m\ \ntj-[w.
C¶s¯ ]e apPm-ln-Zp-I-tfbpw Pam As¯
Ckvfm-an-¡m-tcbpw aäpw t]mse Ahcpw kzbw apÉo-§-Ä F¶p Icp-Xp-Ibpw A§s\
Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶n-cn-¡mw. ]e-t¸mgpw "aX-]-c-amb Imcy-§-fnÂ
B]¡-c-am-bn-¯s¶ Nn´n-¡p-hm³ Ign-hp-m-bn-cp¶' htcm (2) "krjvSn Nne
Znh-k-§Ä sImà A\p-{I-a-amb ]cn-Wma {]{In-b-bn IqSn-bmWv kw`-hn-bv¡p-¶-sX¶v'
(3) kn²m-´n¨ C_v\p dpjvZns\ (Ibn Rushd) t¸mep-Å-h-tcm, cl-ky-lÂJ-I-fnÂ
A`-bw-tX-Sm³ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-cmbncp¶-h-tcm Hs¡ A¡q-«-¯n DWv Smbn-cp-¶p F¶ hkvXpX
kuI-cy-]qÀÆw hnkva-cn-bv¡m³ {ian-¨-Xp-sImWvSv apÉow-§Ä¡n-S-bn hfÀ¶p hcp¶
_p²n-Po-hn-Isf sXän-²-cn-¸n-¡m³ Ign-bp-sa-¶p tXm¶p-¶n-Ã. imiz-X-amb `uXnI {]]©w
iq\y-X-bn \n¶p ssZhw krjvSn-¨-X-söp kn²m-´n¨ C_v\p dpjvZv ssZh-¯nepw
ssZhn-I-amb krjvSn-IÀ½-¯nepw hniz-kn¨p F¶v tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯m³ XnSp-¡-s¸-«p-sIm-WvSv,
At±lw XÀ¡-imkv{X \n]p-W\pw "XnIª bpàn hmZn-bp' ambn-cp¶p F¶v
a\-Ên-Ãm-a-\-tÊmsS k½-Xn-t¡WvS ]cp-h-¯n-emWv apÉow ^Wv Ssaâ-en-Ìp-IÄ.
Cu XXz-Nn-´-Isc XÅn-¡-f-ªm ]ns¶ bpàn
Nn´-Isc kzm[o-\n-bv¡m³ {ian-bv¡m³ X§-fpsS ssIhiw H¶p-an-söv C¡q-«À¡-dn-bmw.
imkv{Xhpw aXhpw X½n s]mcp-¯-s¸Spw F¶p Øm]n-bv¡m³ AhÀ AXn-bmbn B{K-ln-¡p-¶p.
B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS shÃp-hnfn t\cn-Sm³ C¯cw Hcp {iaw A\n-hm-cy-am-sW-¶-hÀ
a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶p. imkv{X-¯n apÉow-§-fpsS kw`m-h-\-sb-¡p-dn¨v hmtXm-cmsX
hmN-I-a-Sn¨v bpàn-hm-Zn-Isf hi-¯m-¡m³ {ian-bv¡p-¶p.
Ad-_n-þ-apÉow XXz-Nn-´-Isc `qh\ {]i-kvX-cmb
imkv{X-Im-c³am-sc¶v {]IoÀ¯n-¡m³ ^Wv Ssaâ enÌp-IÄ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-cm-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
tIc-f-¯nse apÉow-§Ä¡n-S-bn B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS kwkvImcw A{X-am{Xw ià-amb kzm[o\w
sNep-¯n-¡-gn-ª-ncn-¡p¶p F¶mWv CXn-\À°w. tIc-f-¯nse apÉow ^WvSsaâ-en-Ìp-IÄ
AwKo-I-cn-¨mepw CsÃ-¦nepw Ad-_n-X-Xz-Nn-´-IÀ B[p-\nI am\-hn-I-X¡p \ÂInb kw`mh\
Ncn-{X-¯n tcJ-s¸«p InS-¡p-¶p. Fw.-F³.-tdmbv Ckvfm-ansâ Ncn{X ]c-amb ]¦v F¶
]pkvX-I-¯n ]d-bp¶p:
"B[p-\nI bpàn-hm-Z-¯nsâ ]nXm-¡Ä¡v
{Ko¡v hnÚm-\-¯nsâ k¼-¶-amb ss]XrIw e`n-¨Xv Ad_n XXz-Nn-´-I-cn-eqsSbpw
imkv{X-Ú-cn-eq-sS-bp-am-Wv. imkv{X-K-th-j-W-¯nsâ BZy-]-Yn-I-\mb tdmPÀ t_¡¬ Cu
Ad-_n-I-fpsS A\p-bm-bn-bs{X". `uXnI imkv{X-§Ä¡v \mw C¶p \ÂIp¶ {]tXyI AÀ°-¯nÂ
ho£n-¡p-t¼mÄ Ah-bpsS bYmÀ° Øm]-I-cmbn ]cn-K-Wn-t¡Wv SXv Ad-_n-I-sf-bmWv F¶
Ae-IvkmWv SÀ thm¬lw t_mÄ«nsâ (Cosmos Vol II) A`n-{]mbw
At±lw D²-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶p. tdmbv XpS-cp-¶p.
"]co-£-Whpw am]-\-hp-amWv
]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-te-¡pÅ ]mX-bpWv Sm¡m³ Ah-cp-]-tbm-Kn¨ al-¯mb D]-I-c-W-§Ä. B[p-\nI
Ime-L-«-¯nsâ imkv{Xob t\«-§Ä¡pw {Ko¡p-Im-cp-tS-Xn\pw at²y Ah cWv Snt\bpw
_Ôn-¸n-¡p¶ I®n-bpsS Øm\-t¯¡v AhÀ kzbw Db-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp (4)
apÉow, apc-«p-hm-Zw, ]s£, Cu
{]Xn-`m-im-en-Isf ]oVn-¸n-¨p. apÉow _lp-P-\-§Ä¡n-S-bn Ah-cpsS bpàn-hmZw
aX-\n-µ-bmbn Adn-b-s¸-«p. XXz-Nn-´-sb¶p tI«m Xs¶ bmYm-Øn-XnI apkÂam\v
Ahn-izm-k-¯n-tâbpw `àn-cm-ln-Xy-¯n-tâbpw A[mÀ½n-I-X-bp-tSbpw ]cym-b-ambn amdn.
aXm-ÔX Xpc-¯n-tbm-Sn¨ bpàn-hm-Zs¯ ssI\o«n kzoI-cn-¡m³ `mhn-bpsS
Ah-Im-in-IÄIm-¯p-\n¸pWvSmbn-cp-¶p. CÉmw aXs¯ A\ym-b-ambn hnaÀin-¡m-Xn-cn-¡m³
{i²n-¨, AXn\v Ncn-{X-¯n hn¹-h-I-c-amb Hcp ]¦v Is-¯m³ {ian¨ Fw.-F³.-tdm-bv,
\qäm-WvSp-IÄ kzX-{´-Nn-´-bpsS tKl-am-bn-cp¶ sImÀtZm-h-bn \n¶pw C_v\p dpjvZv
B«n-tbm-Sn-¡-s¸« hkvXpX tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯m³ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-\m-bn. hnizm-khpw bpànbpw X½nÂ,
kzX-{´Nn-´bpw tkzOm-[n-]-Xy-]-c-amb AÚ-Xbpw X½n \S¶ AXn-i-à-amb kacw
bqtdm-¸ns\ Cf-¡n-a-dn-¨p. ]{´WvSmw \qämp apXÂ It¯m-en¡m k`-bpsS
ASn-¯-d-bn-f-¡nb Cu kacw Bthiw sImWvSXv {]kvXpX Ad_n ZmÀi-\n-I-cpsS
A²ym-]-\-§-fn \n¶m-Wv. ]n¶o-SpÅ \mep \qäm-p-IÄ C_v\p dpjvZpw At±-l-¯nsâ Ckhpw
(Cw-¥o-jn Averroeism) bqtdm-¸nsâ imkv{X-Nn-´-bn B[n-]Xyw ]peÀ¯n
(5)
tIc-f-¯nse apÉow ^WvS-saâ-en-Ì-IÄ
"`qh\ {]i-kvX-cmb imkv{X-Im-c³amÀ' F¶v {]IoÀ¯n-bv¡p-¶-hÀ CÉm-anI ho£W
{]Imcw A`n-a-X-cmtWm? Camw KÊm-en-tb-t¸m-ep-Å-hÀ Chsc hyà-amb ssZh-\n-tj-[-¡päw
Npa¯n CÉm-an-I-hr-¯-¯n\p ]pd¯p \nÀ¯p-I-bm-Wp-m-b-sX¶v ap¼p
kqNn-¸n-¡p-I-bp-m-btÃm? C´y³ Pam As¯ CÉm-an-¡m-cn NneÀ Chsc {]mNo\ apÉo-§Ä
Bbn hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Ch-cpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§sf "sshÚm-\nI cwK-¯-\p-jvTn¨
hne-s¸« tkh-\-§-fmbn' Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. Chsc B[p-\nI hnZz-tÃmIw IrX-Ú-X-tbmsS
kvacn-¡p-¶p-sh¶ hkvXpX {]tXyIw FSp-¯p-]-d-bp-¶p. Chsc C§s\ "IrX-Ú-X-tbmsS
kvacn-¡p¶' B[p-\nI hnZz-tÃm-I-¯n DÄs¸-Sp-¶-hÀ Bsc-Ãm-amWv? Hmdn-bâ-en-Ìp-IÄ,
bpàn-hm-Zn-IÄ, DZn¨v Gsd-s¨Ãpw apt¼ AkvX-an-¨p-t]mb CÉmw Bâv tam-tU¬ GPv
skmssk-än-¡mÀ, ]co-£-Wm-ßI imkv{X-¯nsâ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn Bthiw sImÅp-¶-hÀ,
\thm-°m-\-am-\-hn-I-X-bn \n¶v Bthiw sImÅp-¶-hÀ,
\h-am-\-hn-I-Xm-hm-Zn-IÄ,........... Cu hn`m-K-¯n-se§pw apÉow bmYm-Øn-Xn-I-Xz-¯n-\pw,
^Wv Ssaâ-en-k-¯n-\pw, CÉm-anI ^mkn-k-¯n\pw thn _p²n-]-Wbw h¨-hÀ DÄs¸SpIbnÃ;
X§Ä¡v AXn Dd¨ ASn-Øm-\-sam-¶p-an-söpw apI-fn kqNn-¸n¨ B[p-\n-I-Xsb
{]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p¶ {]h-W-X-I-fpsS hàm-¡-fmWv Cu XXz-Úm-\n-I-fpsS ]mc-¼-cy-¯nsâ
AhIm-in-IÄ F¶p-t]mepw ^WvSsaâ-en-Ìp-IÄ¡dn-bmw. am\-hn-IXm hmZn-IÄ khn-tij
{i²-tbmsS ]Tn-bvt¡WvS Hcp {]tXy-IX CXn-ep-v. ^WvSsaâ-en-k-¯nsâ
{]tbm-K-co-Xn-bn ck-I-c-amb Hcp X{´w. i{Xp-hns\ sXän-²-cn-¸n-¡m³ AXnsâ
_mly-NÀ½-¯nsâ \ndw Xs¶ ]cn-k-c-¯n-s\m¯p amän-¡-f-bm³ DÅ tijn. X§-fpsS hnizm-k-sa-s´¶pw
kXy-t¯m-SpÅ {]Xn-_-²X F§-t\-bm-bn-cn-¡-W-sa¶pw H¶pw AhÀ H«pw ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶n-Ã.
kwt_m-[n-XÀ Bsc¶pw Ct¸m-gs¯ t_m[w F§-s\-sb-¶p-amWv {i²n-¡p-¶-Xv. AÂ]w
"A\n-Ém-anIw' ]d-ªmÂt¸mepw Ipg-¸-an-Ã. {ItaW Ahsc X§-fpsS
]mÀ«n-bn-te-¡p-sIm-p-h-cm³ Ign-bp-sa-¦nÂ! CXp a\-Ên-em-¡m³ Ign-bmsX t]mb
[mcmfw ip²-K-Xn-¡mÀ CÉm-anI ^mkn-k-¯nsâ hàm-¡-fmbn amdn-¡-gn-ªn-«p-v.
{]tbm-P-\-hm-Z-hp-am-bm-Wv, Id-I-fª aX-`-àn-bp-am-bà CÉm-anI ^mkn-k-¯n\v
ASp-¸-¡q-Sp-XÂ.
]gb bpàn-Nn-´-I-tcmSv ]ptcm-ln-X³amcpw
P\-km-am-\yhpw ImWn¨ ISpw-ssI-IÄ¡v bYmÀ° CÉmw aX-¯n\v D¯-c-hm-ZnXzw
hln-bv¡m-\nà F¶ kao-]\w ChÀ¡p-v. bYmÀ° CÉmw aXw \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶Xv C¡q-«-cpsS
]mÀ«n-am-{X-sa¶ \ne-]mSpw AhÀ sh¨p ]peÀ¯p-¶p. bpàn-hm-Zn-IÄ aXs¯
sXän-²-cn-¨-Xn BÝcys¸Sm-\n-söv ChÀ bpàn-hm-Zn-Isf kam-iz-kn-¸n-bv¡p-¶p.
C¶s¯ bpàn-hm-Zn-I-tfbpw am\-hn-IXm
hmZn-I-tfbpw BIÀjn-s¨-Sp-¡m-\pÅ Xo{h-{i-a-¯nsâ `mK-ambn "`qh\ {]i-kvX-cmb
apÉow imkv{X-Im-c-·m-scÃmw aX-t\-Xr-Xz-¯nsâ N½«n {]l-c-¯n\v Cc-bm-bn-«pv' F¶v
Pam-As¯ Ckvfm-an-¡mÀ¡v Xpd¶p k½-Xn-t¡-WvSn-h-¶n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶ hkvXpX
am\-hn-I-Xm-hm-Zn-IÄ a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶p. imkv{X-cw-K¯v kzX{´ Nn´-sh-¨p-]p-eÀ¯p-¶Xv
apÉo--§-fm-bmepw {InkvXym-\n-I-fm-bmepw Xm´m§-fpsS aX-t\-Xr-Xz-§Ä¡v AXp
sh¨p-s]m-dp-¸n-¡m-\m-hnà F¶-XmWv CX: ]cy-´-apÅ aX Ncn-{Xw. Cu ss]XrIw XÅn-¸-dªv
bpàn-hm-Z-t¯bpw imkv{X-t_m-[-t¯bpw am\-hn-I-Xm-hm-Z-t¯bpw ASn-Øm-\-ambn
AwKo-I-cn-¡m\pw Cu ASn-Øm-\-§Ä¡p hnt[-b-ambn am{Xw aX-{]-am-W-§sf
hymJym-\n-bv¡m\pw Pam-As¯ CÉm-an-¡mÀ X¿m-dmtWm? F¦nÂ
imkv{X-t_m-[-ap-Å-h-cp-ambn kwhm-Z-¯n-teÀs¸-Sm³ {ian-¡p-¶-Xn\p ]Icw X§-fpsS aX
{]N-cW kmlnXyw apgp-h³ amän-sb-gp-Xp-I-bmWv AhÀ sNt¿--Xv.
]utcm-ln-Xy-¯n-s\-Xn-cmb s]mÅ-bmb {]kw-K-§Ä am{Xw Ahsc F§p-sa-¯n-bv¡m³
t]mIp-¶n-Ã. ]cn-Wm-a-hmZw (Theory of Evolution) t]mepÅ imkv{X
kn²m-´-§-fpsS t\sc kzoI-cn-bv¡p¶ kao-]\w ImWp-t¼mÄ \msf X§Ä ]Sp-¯p-bÀ¯p-sa-¶-hÀ
hymtam-ln-bv¡p¶ "aX'hpw "cmjv{S'hpw kzX{´
Nn´-bvs¡-Xn-cm-bn-cn-bv¡p-sa¶pw cà-cq-£n-X-amb Jpssa-\n-tam-UÂ ^mkn-k-¯nsâ
]pXn-sbmcp apJ-am-bn-cn-¡p-sa¶pw a\-Ên-em-¡m³ {]Ú ]Wbw sh¨n-«n-Ãm-¯-hÀ¡p
Ign-bpw. ]gb apÉow Ncn{Xw imkv{X-hn-cp-²-X-bpsS Icn-\n-g ]c-¶-Xm-sW¶pw A¶s¯
bpàn-Nn-´-IÀ CÉm-anI aX-]o-U\w A\p-`-hn-¨p-sh¶pw ChÀ k½-Xn-¡p-¶p. C¯-c-samcp aX
t\XrXzw C\n-sbm-cn-¡epw Dm-Inà F¶-Xn\v Hcp Dd-¸p-sam-«n-Ã-Xm\pw.
A¶p-f-hm-b-Xp- t]m-epÅ ]cn-X-ØnXn krjvSn-bv¡m³ kzbw klm-bn-¡p-I-bn-söv
Xocp-am-\n-¡m-\pÅ hnthIw apÉow _p²n-Po-hn-IÄ¡v DWvSm-bn-«pWvtSm?
`mhn-bn-sem-cn-bv¡epw kzX{´ Nn´-bvs¡-Xn-cmb A¯-c-samcp shÃp-hnfn C\n DbÀ¯m³
A\p-h-Zn-bv¡m-Xn-cn-¡m³ thWvS Pm{KX C\nbpw CÃmsX t]mIp-¶-sX-´p-sIm-WvSmWv?
hnizm-k-t¯-¡mÄ hnÚm-\-¯n\pw hnth-I-¯n\pw IqSp-XÂ {]m[m\yw \ÂtIWvS-Xnsâ
A\n-hm-cyX apÉow _p²n-Po-hn-IÄ AwKo-I-cn-¡p-sa¶p \ap¡p {]Xo-£n-¡p-I. CÉm-anI
]mc-¼cyw Fs¶-t¶-bv¡p-ambn XÅn-¸-d-b-tWm, A¶s¯ aX-t\-Xr-Xz-¯nsâ \S-]-Sn-IÄ
aX-¯nsâ Xs¶ kl-P-amb khn-ti-j-X-bn \n¶p-Ûp-X-am-b-XmtWm F¶o {]iv\-§Ä Ah-cpsS
Kl-\-amb ]cn-tim-[-\¡p hnj-bo-`-hn-bv¡s«. {]kvà-amb D²-cWo NphsS tNÀ¡p-¶p.
"CXp-t]m-se-Xs¶ Hmtcm imkv{Xob
IWvsS-¯epw Ac-§¯p hcp-t¼mÄ aX- hn-cp-²-sa-¶m-t{Im-in¨v _lp-P-\-§sf Cf-¡n-hn-Sp¶
]Xnhpw aX- t\-Xr-Xz-¯n-\p-v. Cu _l-fhpw bpàn-Nn-´-Isc sXän-²-cn-¸n-¡m-\-ÃmsX
asäm-¶n\pw {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. ]ptcm-ln-X³am-cpsS B{I-a-W-¯n \n¶v bmsXmcp
ZmÀi-\n-I\pw kpc-£n-X-\m-bn-cp-¶nà F¶-XmWv Ncn-{X-k-Xyw. {]mNo-\-ap-Éo-§Ä
sshÚm-\nI cwK-¯-\p-jvTn¨ hne-s¸« tkh-\-§Ä B[p-\nI hnZz-tÃmIw IrX-Ú-X-tbmsS
kvacn-¡p-¶p. A¡m-cy-¯n C¶p apÉow P\X A`n-am\w sImÅp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. F¶m {]kvXpX
ZmÀi-\n-I-·m-cn ]ecpw aX- t\-Xr-Xz-¯nsâ ZrjvSn-bn A\-`n-a-X³am-cm-bn-cp-¶p.
AÂIn-µn, C_v\p-_mP: (Avenpace), AÂ^m-dm_n, C_v\p-ko\m (Avicinna), C_v\p dpjvZv (Averroes) XpS§n `qh\
{]i-kvX-cmb apÉow imkv{X-Im-c-·m-scÃmw aX-t\-Xr-Xz-¯nsâ N½«n {]l-c-¯n\v
Cc-bm-bn-«p-v.' (6)
A\-`n-a-X-cm-b-Xnsâ t]cn C§s\
apÉow-a-X-t\-Xr-Xz-¯nsâ N½«n {]l-c-¯n-\n-c-bm-b-hÀ bpàn-hm-Z-¯nsâ shÅn-tcJ hc¨p
apt¶-dp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. `uXn-I-hm-Z-¯nsâ ]pXnb ]S-hp-IÄ sI«n-¸-Sp¯p XpS-§p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
Ahsc {]iw-kn-¨p-sImv P: kn.-Sn. A_vZpÄ dlow asäm-cn-S¯p {]kvXm-hn-¡p-¶px
"Ahn-kn-¶bpw (C-_v\p-ko-\m) Ah-tdmkpw
(C_v\p dpjvZv) A_vZpÄ Imknkpw (A-_vZpÄ Imknw) bptdm-¸y³ Nn´-I-fnÂ
\qäm-p-I-tfmfw kzm[o\w sNep-¯nb alm-c-Y-·m-cm-Ip-¶p. C_v\p Ckvlm-Jv, ss_dq-\n,
djo-Zp-±o³, A_q-aq-km, Jmen-Zp_v\p kA-Zv, C_v\p-bq-\p-kv, dmkn, C_v\p JÂZpÂ,
^mdm-_n, KÊmen F¶o {]YoX bi-Êp-I-fmb Nn´-I³amcn \n¶mWv bYmÀ°-¯n bqtdm-¸y³
\thm-°m-\-¯nsâ {]tW-Xm-¡Ä {]tNm-Z-\-apÄs¡m-WvSXv. imkv{Xo-b-th-Zn-bn apÉo-§Ä
hcn¨ Akq-bmÀl-amb Cu ]ptcm-KXn temI-¯nsâ H¶-S¦w AÛp-Xm-Z-c-§-fÀln-¡p¶p.(7)
{]Yn-X-b-i-Êp-I-fmb Nn´-I-·mcpw
AÛp-Xm-Z-c-§-fÀln-¡p-¶-hcpw apÉo-§Ä Xs¶-sb¶v At±-l-¯n\v \à Dd-¸pWvSv! Ch-cpsS
bi-Ênsâ Nne-hn X§-fpsS Xs¶ "ap¡mÂ
(3/4) Im^nÀ' \ne-]mSv \ymbo-I-cn-¡p-I-bp-am-hmw.
]cn-ip² ktlm-Z-c-§Ä (Brothers of
Purity) apXÂ
C_v\p ko\bpw C_v\p-dpjvZpw hsc-bpÅhÀ apt¶-dnb hoYn aXm-Ô-X-bnÂ\n¶p ]pd-t¯¡p
IS-¡m-\p-Å-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. imiz-X-amb `uXoI {]]-©-t¯-¡p-dn¨p k¦Â]w apt¶m«p h¨ Cu
Ad_n XXz-Úm-\n-IÄ `uXn-I-hm-Z-¯n\p \ÂInb kw`m-h\ bpàn-hm-Zn-IÄ¡v Hcn-¡epw
Ah-K-Wn-¡m-\m-hn-Ã. "AÃmlp' hnsâ {]k-àn-sb-¡p-dn¨ ]p\Àhn-N-´\w \S-¯m³ Ad_n
XXz-Nn-´-sb¡p-dn-¨pÅ ]m\w apÉow bphm-¡sf klm-bn-¡pw. XoÀ¨-bmbpw Cu XXz-Úm-\n-IÄ
bpàn-hm-Z-¯n\pw `uXn-I-hm-Z-¯n\pw \ÂInb kw`m-h\ XXz-Nn-´-bp-tSbpw imkv{X-¯n-tâbpw
hnIm-k-¯nepw \thm-°m-\-¯nepw ià-amb kzm[o\w sNep-¯n-bn-«p-v.
C¶s¯ apÉow _p²n-Po-hn-IÄ Kuc-h-t_m-[-t¯msS
Ncn-{X-]-c-amb X§-fpsS ISa IWvsS-t¯-WvSn-bn-cn-¡p¶p. hnÂs{^Uv Imâv sh kvan¯v
]d-ªXv XnI¨pw icn:
"A lack of integrity always leads to
disintegration and any failure of intellectual integrity in a society raises
the threat of disastrous intellectual disintegration. The Muslim world,
Including its intelligentsia has hardly recognized what a responsible, crucial
role its intellectual class plays in the present crisis, and how far the future
of Islam and of the Muslim Community depends on the ability of the intellectual
to face, understand, analyse, and solve the new issues that confront them.' (8)
CjvS-s¸-«mepw CsÃ-¦nepw ]cn-X-Øn-Xn-I-fpsS
khn-ti-jX apÉow _p²n-Po-hn-Isf hyà-amb \ne-]m-Sp-I-sf-Sp-¡m³ \nÀ_-Ôn¨p
XpS-§n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. apI-fn hni-Zo-I-cn¨ {]iv\-§-sfÃmw apÉow bphm-¡Ä¡n-S-bnÂ
\n¶p hfÀ¶p-sIm-n-cn-¡p¶ _p²n-Po-hn-I-fpsS k{i-²m-]-{K-Y-\-¯n\p
hn«p-sIm-Sp-¯p-sImv Hcp hkvXpX am{Xw ChnsS Du¶n-¸-d-bp-I-bmWv:
]gb aX t\Xr-Xz-¯n-s\-Xncmbn Cu
^WvS-saâ-en-Ìp-IÄ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ Ipä-]{Xw Ch-cpsS Xs¶ Imcy-¯n Ct¸mÄ
{]k-à-am-Ip-¶p.
aX-hp-ambn s]mcp-¯-s¸-Sm-¯-sX¶v ChÀ Icp-Xp¶
Hmtcm imkv{Xob IWvsS-¯epw Ac-§-¯p-h-cp-t¼mÄ "aX-hn-cp-²-sa-¶m-t{Im-in¨v
_lp-P-\-§sf Cf-¡n-hn-Sp¶ ]Xnhv' Ct¸mÄ ^WvS-saâ-en-Ìp-IÄ Dt]-£n¨p Igntªm? X§Ä¡p
cpNn-¡m-¯-sXÃmw "imkv{X-hn--cp²' sa¶pw aX-hn-cp-²-sa¶pw s]cp-¼-d-b-Sn¨v
P\-§sf sXän-²-cn-¸n-¡m\pw AXp-hgn AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-fnepw A\m-Nm-c-§-fnepw Xf¨p
\nÀ¯m\pw DÅ Bkq-{X-W-§-fn ChÀ ]gb ]utcm-ln-Xy-¯nsâ ]nd-In-e-Ã.
X§-fpsS "lp¡p-as¯ Cemln' ( Hukumate ilahi
) F¶
]utcm-lnXy tkzOm-[n-]-Xy-¯n\v ^e-¯n Hcp Aao-dnsâ GIm-[n-]-Xy-¯n\v
tIm«-sIm-¯-f-§Ä ]Wn-bm³ AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-fn ]eXpw \ne-\nÀ¯ntb Xocq F¶v
AhÀ¡-dn-bmw.
bpàn-hn-tcm[w CÉm-anI ^WvS-saâ-en-k-¯nsâ
AI-¡m¼p (Kernel)
Xs¶-bm-Wv.
kqN-\-IÄ:þ
1. "k¼qÀ® CÉmw Ncn{Xw',
Ban\m _p¡v ÌmÄ, XrÈqÀ. 1980
2. t]Pv 888, "CÉm-anI
ZÀi-\w', tIc-f-`mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v, Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cwþ1983
3. t]Pv 889, D]-cn-kq-NnX
{KÙw.
4. Page 59, 'The
Historical Role of Islam' , M.N.Roy,
Ajantha Publications, Jawahar Nagar, Delhi - 1981
5. PP.79, 80
Ibid
* C¶pw aX-t\-Xr-Xz-§-fpsS
X{´-¯n\p amäw h¶n-«n-Ã. ka-c-tijn apgp-h³ hn\n-tbm-Kn-¨n«pw
hnP-bn-¡m-\m-bn-sÃ-¦nÂ, sh¶n-s¡mSn ]mdn-bv¡p-¶-Xnsâ Ip¯I AhÀ Ah-Im-i-s¸-Spw.
6. aXhpw bpàn-hm-Zhpw
(C-kvfm-anIv ]»n-jowKv lukv, tImgn-t¡m-Sv, 1979) F¶ ]pkvX-I-¯n\v P:
Sn.-ap-l-½Zv Fgp-Xnb Ah-Xm-cnI ImWp-I.
7. t]Pv 106, 107,
D]-cn-kq-NnX ]pkvX-Iw.
8. Page 87,
"Islam in Modern History' , Wilfred Cantwell Smith, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1957
am\-hn-I-Xm-hm-Zhpw apÉow
_p²n-Po-hn-Ifpw
2.apÉnw \thm-°m\w t\cn-Sp¶ shÃp-hn-fn.
F§p-t\m-¡n-bmepw
\thm-°m\ \mb-I-·msc am{Xta ImWm-\p-f-fq. GXp ]n´n-cn-¸t\bpw
\thm-°m-\-\m-b-I-\mbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¨p-I-fbpw F¶-Xm-W-h-Ø. hmkvX-h-¯n \thm-°m\w
kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv Bi-b-§-fpsS kml-kn-I-X-sb-bm-Wv. bqtdm-]y³ \thm-°m-\-¯nsâ
khn-ti-jX Xs¶ hnhn[ bqtdm-]y³ `mj-I-fn DWvSmb atX-Xc kmln-Xy-amWv. {Ko¡v
ZÀi-\-s¯bpw bqtdm-]y³ Nn´-sbbpw _Ôn-¸n-¡p¶ {]_-e-amb Hcp I®n-bp-WvSv: CÉm-anI
km{am-Py-¯n aX-{`m-´-·m-cmb kmam\y P\-§-fm ]oVn-¸n-¡-s¸« Hcp Iq«w ZmÀi-\n-I-·mÀ
a\p-jy-cm-in¡p \ÂInb bpàn-Nn-´-bpsS kw`m-h-\. Ah-tdmkv (C-_v\p-dp-jvZv) Ch-cn A{K-K-Wy-\mb
ZmÀi-\n-I-\m-Wv.
a[y-bp-K-¯n Ad_n\ma[mcn-I-fmb Cu hnZzm-·mÀ
At\z-j-W-¯nsâ hoYn-bn apt¶-dn-s¡m-WvSn-
-cp-¶-t¸mÄ bmYm-Øn-Xn-I-cpsS hy{KX IpÀ-B-\n \n¶p-am{Xw amÀ¤-ZÀi\w
kzoI-cn-¡p¶ Hcp Xe-ap-d-sb-¡p-dn¨v Dd¸p hcp-¯p-¶-Xn-em-bn-cp-¶p. aXs¯ asäÃm
kzm[o-\-§-fn \n¶pw ]cn-c-£n¨v \nÀ¯m³ bmYm-Øn-Xn-IÀ {ian-¨p. aX-{`m´v
sI«-gn¨phnSp-¶-Xn hn«p-ho-gv¨-bnà F¶ Dd¨ \ne-]m-Sn-embncp¶p ]ptcm-lnX hÀ¤w.
kzX-{´-Nn-´-s¡-Xnsc ]c-¼-cm-KX apÉnw AÔX \S-¯nb ]oV\w CÉm-anI Ncn-{X-¯nsâ kphÀW
Ime-L-«-¯nsâ kIe tim`bpw sISp-¯n-¡-f-bm³ t]m¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. _À{S³Uv dÊÂ
tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p¶px
""hnizm-k-¯n\v A]-ISw
hcp-¯n-shbv¡pw F¶-Xn-\m XXz-Nn-´sb BsI FXnÀ¯ Hcp hn`mKw bmYm-Øn-XnI
ssZh-im-kv{X-Imc·m-cp-WvSm-bn-cp¶p. A\n-hm-cyhpw AXy-´m-t]-£n-X-hp-amb
kXy-§-sfms¡ IpÀ-B-\n DWvSm-bn-cns¡ Znhy-sh-fn-]m-Sn \n¶v hyXn-cn-IvX-ambn
kzX-{´-amb Hcp Nn´m {]hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ bmsXm-cm-h-iy-hp-an-söv NqWvSn-¡m-Wn-¨p -sImWvSv
Ah-cn HcmÄ A KÊm-en Hcp ]pkvXIw "XXz Nn´I \io-I-cWw' (Destruction
of Philosaphers) F¶ t]cn FgpXn. adp-]-Sn-bmbn C_v\p dpjvZv, "\io-I-c-W-¯nsâ
\io-I-cWw' (Destruction of Destruction) F¶ t]cn Hcp ]pkvXIw cNn¨p.
XXz-Nn-´-IÀ CÉmw aX hncp-²-cm-sW¶v Øm]n-¡m³ KÊmen {]tXy-I-ambn DbÀ¯n-¡m-Wn¨
aXkn²m-´-§Ä Ch-bm-bn-cp¶px
1. iq\y-X-bn \n¶pw (Out of
nothing) Ime-¯nepw
(in
time) DWvSmb
temI-kr-jvSn.
2. ssZhnI hnti-j-W-§Ä
bYmÀ°-¯n DÅ-h-bm-sW¶ hnizm-kw.
3. a\pjy ico-c-¯nsâ
]p\-cp-°m\w kw`-hn-¡p-sa¶ aX-\n-e-]m-Sv.
XXz-Nn-´m-]-c-amb kXy-§Ä A\ym-]-tZi cqt]W (Allegorical
form) DÄs¡m-Åp¶
H¶m-bmWv aXs¯ ZmÀi-\n-I-\mb C_v\p-dpjvZv ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶Xv. krjvSn-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸«
]cm-aÀi-§-fpsS Imcy-¯n CXp hnti-jn¨pw _m[-I-am-sW¶v At±lw Icp-Xn.
Acn-tÌm-«n-en-b³ ssien-bn Xsâ XXz-Nn-´m-]-c-amb tiap-jn-tbmsS krjvSnsb¡pdn¨v
X\-Xmb Hcp hymJym\w At±lw apt¶m-«p-sh¨p'' (1)
""em ssI^v'' (F-§s\ F¶p tNmZn-t¡-WvS)
F¶ D{K-im-k-\-tbmsS At\z-j-W- Xz-c-bpsS ap\-sbm-Sn¨v AÔ-amb A\p-k-c-W-bpsS
ssZh-imkv{Xw ASn-t¨Â¸n-¡-s¸-SpI F¶ hn]-cy-b-amWv apÉnw temI¯p kw`-hn-¨-Xv.
imkv{Xw hnI-kn-¨n-«n-Ãm-Xn-cp¶ a[y-bp-K-¯nÂ
kw`-hn-¨-Xn-t\-¡mÄ Bg-¯nepw ]c-¸nepw hfsc henb `oj-Wn-bmWv CÉmw aXw C¶p
t\cn-Sp-¶-Xv. ]n¶n-«p-sImWvSn-cn-¡p-¶Xv aX-Iob temI-¯nsâ ]gIn PoÀWn¨
LS-\-I-sf-bm-Wv. temIw AXn-thKw apt¶-dn-s¡m-WvSn-cn-¡p-¶Xv imkv{X-¯n-sâbpw
kmt¦-XnI hnZy-I-fp-sSbpw am\-hn-I-Xm-hm-Z-¯nsâbpw Hcp temI-¯n-te-¡m-Wv. Cu
{]bm-W-t¯m-sSm¸w \S-¯n-s¡mWvSn-cn-t¡WvS ]p\À\nÀ½n-Xn-I-fn-eqsS F¯n-t¨-cpI kakvX
aWvU-e-§-fnepw imkv{X-t_m[w {]k-cn¨p \nÀ¡p¶ euInI [mÀ½n-IX (Secular
Ethic) bpsS
Hcp kaq-l-¯n-em-sW¶v am\-hn-I-Xm-hm-Zn-IÄ hniz-kn-¡p-¶p.
1. imkv{X hncp-²X
apÉnw-Isf bmYm-Øn-Xn-I-Xz-¯nsâ AÔ-Im-c-¯nÂ
Xf¨p \nÀ¯nb iàn-IÄ C¶pw Ah-cpsS KÀÖ\w \nÀ¯n-bn-«n-Ã. X§-fpsS temIw ssIhn-«p- t]m-Ip¶p
F¶ `oXn Ahsc Nqgv¶p \n¡-sh, imkv{X-¯n-s\-Xnsc `oj-Wn-IÄ apg-¡p-Ibpw
imkv{X-¯n\v ]cn-[n-IÄ \nÀt±-in-¡p-I-bp-am-W-hÀ, ck-I-c-amb Hcp DZm-l-cWwx
""imkv{Xw AXnsâ icn-bmb
Úm\-kn-²m´ (Epistemological) ]cn-an-Xn-IÄ¡-I¯p \n¡p-s¶-¦n GsX-¦nepw
{]Xyb imkv{X-]-c-amb {]Xn-Úm-_-ÔX Hgn-hm-¡p-I. aX -kw-_-Ôn-bmb {]iv\-§Ä¡p-t\sc
shdp-samcp AtÚ-b-Xm-]-c-amb (agnostic) \ne-]mSp hyÚn-¸n-¡pI am{Xw sN¿p¶
]cn-[n-hsc t]mIp-I. F¶m Cu ]cn-[n-bv¡-¸pdw t]mIp-Ibpw e`y-amb Cu temIw
am{X-amWv GI temI-sa¶pw CXn-\-¸p-dtam CXn-\p-]p-dtatbm asäm-¶p-an-söpw
{]Xy-£-amtbm ]tcm-£-amtbm kqNn-¸n-¡p-I-bp-am-sW-¦n imkv{Xw sN¿p-¶Xv hfsc
A\-h-[m-\-amb Hcp {]kvXm-h\bmbn-cn-¡pw. Hcp apÉn-ans\ kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw AXv
ssZh \nµbv¡p kaw Xs¶bmbn-cn-¡pw. (2)
]Xn-t\-gv, ]Xn-s\«v \qäm-p-I-fn {]IrXn
imkv{X-§Ä¡pWvSmb hfÀ¨-bmWv AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-sfbpw ssZh-imkv{X imTy-§-sfbpw (theological
dogmas) XÅn-¡-f-bm³
B[p-\nI ]mÝmXy XXz-Nn-´sb klm-bn-¨Xv F¶pw aXhpw imkv{Xhpw X½nepw hnizm-khpw
hnÚm-\hpw X½nepw AÔ-hn-izm-khpw bpànbpw X½nepw DÅ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb bp²w CXp-hsc
\S¶p Ign-ªn-«n-Ãm¯ cmPy-§-fn C\nbpw \S-t¡WvS-Xm-bn-«p-WvSv F¶pw Fw.-F³.-tdmbv
\S-¯nb \nco-£Ww apÉnw `qcn-]£ cmPy-§sf kw_-Ôn-¨pam-{X-a-Ã, AhÀ \yq\-]-£-amb
cmPy-§-fnse apÉnw kap-Zm-b-§-sf-¡p-dn¨p t]mepw A£-cmÀ°-¯n {]k-à-am-sW¶p
ka-Im-enI kml-Ncyw hyà-am-¡p¶p At±lw AÀ°-i-¦-bv¡n-S-bn-ÃmsX
hyà-am-¡p-¶-Xp-t]m-se, aXw imkv{X-¯n-\p-ap-¼n Xe-Ip-\nt¨ Xocp; imkv{Xw aXs¯
]qÀ®-ambn CÃm-Xm-¡pI Xs¶ sN¿pw. (3)
t]mbv adª \qäm-p-I-fnse aXm-Ô-X-bpsS
]mc-¼cyw ]n³]-än-s¡mv P\m_v lʳ Akv¡cn ""imkv{X-ta, \nebv¡p \nt¶m''
F¶m-t{Im-in-¡p-¶Xp t]mse tXm¶p¶p.
kXym-t\z-j-W-¯n-epÅ {]Xn-_-ÔX Hcmsf
aX-hn-cp-²-X-bn F¯n-¡p-¶p-sh-¦n F´p sN¿pw?
imkv{Xw \ÂIp¶ Adn-hp-ambn H¯p-t]m-IpI F¶Xv
B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Hcp apJy-e-£-W-am-Wv. F¶m apÉnw bmYm-Øn-Xn-IÀ¡v Hscmä \ne-]mtS
BhÀ¯n-¡m-\pÅp ""R§Ä¡p R§-fpsS aXw, \n§Ä¡p \n§-fpsS imkv{Xw.''
imkv{X-¯nsâ hnImkw am\-h-N-cn-{X-¯n þ hnti-jn¨pw
aX-\o-Xo-I-cW `mj XIÀ¡p-¶-Xn þ hln¨ kp{]-[m\ ]¦v Adn-ª-Xmtb AhÀ \Sn-¡p-¶n-Ã.
{]Xyb imkv{X]c-amb Fs´-¦nepw A]-ISw DWvSm-¡m-\mWp `mh-sa-¦n Im^nÀ (ssZh
\nµ-I³) F¶ \ne-bn CÉmw aXw A¯-c-¡msc t\cnSpw!
IrkvXob ]utcm-lnXyw {]mbw sN¶
Keo-en-tbm-hns\ X\n¡p t_m²y-an-Ãm¯ Ipäw Gäp ]d-bn¨ Hcp Ncn{X kw`hw P\m_v lʳ
AkvI-cn-bpsS injy-K-W-§Ä tI«p-Im-Wptam F¶-dn-bn-Ã. am\-knI ]oU-\-¯n\p
hnt[-b-\m-bn«pw At±lw Gäp ]d-¨n Ignªv Xncnª DSs\ ]ndp-]n-dp-¯-s{X,'' F¶n«pw
`qan kqcy\p Npäpw Xncn-bp-I-Xs¶bmWtÃm'' F¶v.
aXw imTyw ]nSn-¨-Xp-sImv F´p-{]-tbm-P\w!
hnÚm-\-¯nsâ hnIm-k-t¯mSv H¯p- t]m-Im³ aX-¯n-\m-hn-Ã. hkvXpX CXm-sW-¦nepw
B[p-\nI imkv{X-¯n-s\m¯v aX-{]-am-W-§sf hymJym-\n-¡p¶ IkÀ¯p
hym]-I-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
am\-hX (Humanity) bpsS
A`yp-¶-Xnbv¡v Imcy-amb kw`m-h-\-sbm¶pw sN¿m³ CÉmw-a-X-s¯-s¡m-WvSm-hn-Ã.
am\-hn-IXm hmZ-¯nsâ (Humanism) Xpd¶ kao-]-\-¯n-te¡p `mhn-temIw \o§pI Xs¶
sN¿p-sa¶ hkvXp-X-bn-te¡v C´y-bn t]mep-apÅ apÉnw _p²n-Po-hn-I-fn sNdnbsX¦nepw
Hcp hn`mKw I®p-Xp-d-¶n-cn-¡p¶p. Ahsc kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw apÉnw F¶ hnti-jWw
P\n-¡m\pw hf-cm\pw CS-bmb kml-N-cy-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« Hcp {]iv\w am{X-ambn
A{]-k-à-amb H¶mbn XoÀ¶p-sIm-WvSn-cn-¡p-¶p.
CÉm-ansâ B[m-c-{KÙ-amb IpÀ-B-\nse
hmIy-§-fpsS hymJym\ km[y-Xbpw Acn-tÌm-«n-en-tâ-Xmbn hymJym-\n-¡-s¸«
t¹m«n-\-knsâ \h-¹m-täm-WnIv hymJym-\-§-fpsS anÌn-kn-khpw tNÀ¶mWv Ad_n þ apÉnw
ZmÀi-\n-I-cpsS IrXn-IÄ¡p ]Ým-¯-e-sam-cp-§n-b-Xv.
"apAv¯kne' F¶ t]cn Adn-b-s¸« bpàn-hmZ
imJ kzoI-cn¨ \ne-]mSv AÃmlp bpàn-hn-cp-²-ambn s]cp-am-dp-I-bnà F¶m-bn-cp¶p.
Chsc FXnÀ¯p-sImv ]mc-¼cy hmZn-I-fmb kp¶n-IÄ Ah-Im-i-s¸-«Xv AÃmlp \nba Ncy-IÄ¡v
hnt[-b-\Ã F¶m-Wv. {]hr-¯n-I-fpsS \·-Xn-·-IÄ Xocp-am-\n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv ssZh
IÂ]-\-IÄ {]Im-c-am-Wv. am{X-a-Ã, bpàn-Nn´m coXn-bn-eqsS ssZh-¯nsâ CÑ (will) Is-¯m³
Ign-bn-söpw C¡q-«À hmZn-¨p.
BZy-Ime ZmÀi-\n-IÀ, hmkvX-h-¯n {ian-¨Xv
{Ko¡v Nn´-bpsS shfn-¨-¯n IpÀ-B-\nI hnizm-k-§sf \ymbo-I-cn¨v Dd-¸n-¡m-\m-Wv.
]t£, Cu {]{In-b-bn bpànbpw hnizm-khpw X½n-epÅ t]mcm-«-¯nsâ Zzµm-ß-IX hyà-ambn
cq]-s¸-Sp-I-Xs¶ sNbvXp. aX-]-£-¯n-\p-thn hmZn¨ Camw KÊm-en-t]mepw hnizm-k-¯nsâ
ASn-Øm-\-¯n-e-Ã, ZmÀi-\nI ASn-Øm-\-¯n-emWv hmZ-{]-Xn-hmZw \S-¯n-bXv (4)
2. \ho-\Xm \mSy-¡m-cpsS Ip¼-kmcw
C¶m-I-s«, \ho-\-Xm-hmZ \ne-]m-Sn aXs¯
\ymbo-I-cn-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶-hÀ ]gb imkv{X-hn-cp² ]mc-¼cyw HmÀ¯v hne-]n-¡p¶p.
KXm-\p-K-Xn-I-Xzhpw B[p-\n-I-Xbpw (Traditionalism and Modernity) Nˬ
sN¿-s¸-Sp-t¼m-sgÃmw shfn-¨-¯n-s\-Xnsc hmXn sI«n-b-S-bv¡p¶ Cu ]mc-¼cyw
]utcm-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ-tbm, bmYm-Øn-Xn-I-Xz-¯n-sâ-tbm, P\-§-fpsS AÚ-X-bp-sStbm Hs¡
IW-¡n tNÀ¡m-\mWv AhÀ {ian-¡p-I. A¶s¯ apÉnw-IÄ aX-Im-cy-§-fn AÚ-cmbncp¶p F¶p
hmZn-¡p¶Xv auVy-am-bn-cn-¡pw. XXz-Nn-´-Ifpw XÀ¡ imkv{X-§-fp-sams¡
CÉm-an-\pÅXmbn AhÀ Icp-Xnb ]cn-ip-²n-bn amen\yw IeÀ¯p-Itb DÅq F¶ ià-amb
[mc-W-bmWv hnizm-kn-IÄ¡p-WvSm-bn-cp-¶-Xv. B hnip² auVyw kzk-ap-Zm-b-¯n\v
hcp-¯n-¯oÀ¯ Xocm-\jvSw Hcp \ho-\-Xm-hmZn hnh-cn-¡p¶px
""]WvUn-X-·mÀ¡pw
aX-X-Xz-Nn-´-IÀ¡pw bmYm-Øn-Xn-I-Xz-¯nsâ \mb-Isâ am{X-a-Ã, X§-fpsS hnizm-k-¯nsâ
]cn-ip-²n-sb-¡p-dn¨v PmK-cq-I-amb Hcp P\-X-bp-sSbpw {i²m-\n-c-X-amb
kwi-b-Zr-jvSn¡p Iogn {]hÀ¯n-t¡WvSn-bn-cp¶p Ah-cn ]ecpw
aX-\n-µ-bm-tcm-]n-¡s¸«v ]oVn-¸n-¡-s¸«p. Ah-cpsS {KÙ-§Ä Aán-¡n-c-bm¡n. NneÀ
cmPy-{`-jvSn\p hn[n-¡-s¸-«p. NneÀ sIme-sN-¿-s¸-SpI t]mep-ap-mbn. hnNn-{Xhpw
AtXm-sSm¸w {it²-b-hp-amb Hcp ]cn-Wm-a-am-Wv, {Ko¡v hnÚm-\-¯n \n¶v kzbw aX aoamw-k-IÀ
hyXn-cn-à-cm-Ip-Ibpw AXn hym]y-X-cmb Nn´-Isc `ÀXvkn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xnsâ
^e-am-bp-m-b-Xv. CXn\p hn]-co-X-ambn ]Sn-ªm-dv, IrkvXy³ thZ-im-kv{Xn-IÄ
apÉow-X-Xz-Úm-\n-I-fpsS cN-\-I-fn \n¶pÅ {]tNm-Z-\-¯n\p hnt[-b-ambn
XXz-Nn-´bv¡v AXn-a-l-¯mb kw`m-h-\-IÄ \ÂIn-s¡m-WvSn-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p'' (5)
C¯-c-¯n kXyw ]d-bm³ \nÀº-Ôn-X-cmb
\ho-\-Xm-hmZn (Modernist) Isf am\-hn-I-Xm-hm-Zn-IÄ ho£n-¡p-¶Xv
am¸p-km-£n-I-fm-bm-Wv. Xo{h-^-WvS-sa³en-k-¯nsâ ssk²m´n-IÀ Cu am¸p-km-£n-Isf
Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv ]cm-PnX a\-kv¡-cm-bm-Wv. ]gb apÉnw _p²n-Po-hn-IÄ t\cn«
`oXn-Z-amb Ah-Ø-sb-¡p-dn¨v C¶s¯ apÉnw bphm-¡Ä Adn-ªn-cn-t¡WvS-Xp-WvSv.
XXz-Úm-\s¯ ssZh-im-kv{X-¯nsâ
`mK-¯p-\n-¶p-sImv "XIÀ¯p-X-cn-¸-W-am-¡m³' {ian¨ AÂK-Êm-en-bpsS
{KÙ-§Ät]mepw Np«p-I-cn-¡-s¸«p!
X-§-fpsS amÀ¤w kzoI-cn-¡m-¯-h-cpsS
t]cn-seÃmw aX-\nµ Btcm-]n-¡-s¸-«p!
3. Ak-ln-jvWp-X-bpsS ]mc-¼cyw
kp¶n-IÄ¡n-S-bn Xs¶ l¼-en-Ifpw (Hanbalites)
Aiv
AcnIfpw (Ash'arites)
i{Xp-X-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p.
jco^v A_pÂImknw F¶ atXm-]-tZ-i-I³ lw¼-en-IÄ Im^n-dp-I-fm-sW¶p {]Jym-]n-¨p.
XpSÀ¶v lw_-en-IÄ Zb-\o-b-ambn Iq«-s¡me sN¿-s¸-«p. _mKvZm-Zn A_q-C-kvlmJv jodmkn
F¶ aX-]-WvUn-Xsâ A`n-{]m-b-{]-Im-chpw lw_-en-IÄs¡-Xn-cn henb Iq«-s¡me \S-¶p.
Ahn-izm-kn-I-fmbn {]Jym-]n-¡-s¸« jnbm-¡-fpsS ØnXnbpw Zb-\o-b-am-bn-cp¶p. cmlpÂ
kmwIr-Xym-b³ ]d-bp-¶-Xp-t]m-se, "Hcp amÀK-¯n\v iàn-bpÅ Øe¯v aäp amÀK-¡mÀ¡v
Iog-S§n Pohn-t¡WvSn-h-¶p.'' (6)
aX-`-à-\m-sW¶p P\-§sf t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯m³
`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-IÄ I Ffp-¸-hgn ]pkvX-I-§Ä Np«p Nm¼-em-¡-em-bn-cp¶p t\cs¯
]cm-aÀin¨ ]pkvX-I-¯n a³kqÀ C_v\p A_o- B-anÀ F¶ {][m\ \ymbm-[n-]³ _me-\mb
livimw cWvSm-a³ cmPm-hn-\p-thn sNbvX hn{In-b -hn-h-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v apl-½Zv bq\pkv
A³kmco ^ocw-Ko-a-leo F¶ Ncn-{X-Im-cs\ D²-cn-¨p-sImp \ÂInb Nn{Xw apÉnw
aX-t\-Xr-Xz-¯nsâ IpÕnX {ia-§Ä¡pw Ncn-{X-]-c-amb "tkh-\'-§Ä¡pw
DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. knwlm-\-k-Ø-\mb _mesâ ]nXmhv l¡w cWvSm-a³ tiJ-cn-¨p-sh-¨n-cp¶
\mep e£w ]pkvX-I-§-fpsS {KÙm-ebw Np«p-Nm-¼-em-¡m³ IWvS hnZyx
"".............-A-bmÄ
aX-]-WvUn-X-·mcpsSbpw aoamw-k-I-cp-sSbpw Hcp k` hnfn-¨p-Iq-«n. B k`-bn sNbvX
sNdnb {]kw-K-¯n Ah-tcmSv Hcp tNmZyw tNmZn¨p. ZÀi-\-s¯bpw XÀ¡-im-kv{X-s¯bpw
kw_-Ôn-¨p-ff GsXÃmw ]pkvX-I-§-fmWv cmPy-¯n {]N-cn¨v \njvI-]-Scmb
apkÂam³am-cpsS [À½hnizm-k-¯n-\p -£-Xn-bp-m-¡n-¯oÀ¯n«p-ÅXv F¶m-bn-cp¶p B
tNmZyw. kvs]bn-\nse apkÂam-·mÀ AÔ-amb aX-`-àn¡v ap¼p-Xs¶
{ipXn-s¸-«-h-cm-bn-cp¶p. ZÀi-\-t¯mSv ]e-t¸mgpw AhÀ¡v Gäp-ap-t«WvSn h¶p A§s\
{]kvXpX ]WvUn-X-·mÀ \nb-a-hn-cp-²-amb ]pkvX-I-§-fpsS Hcp henb \mam-h-en-bpWvSm¡n
Ba-dns\ G¸n-¨p. Ahsc ]ncn-¨p-hn-«-Xn-\p-tijw BaÀ ZÀi-\-{K-Ù-§Ä
Np«p-Nm-¼-em-¡p-hm³ IÂ]\ sImSp-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp (7)
\nanj t\cwsImp {KÙm-ebw Nm¼-embn! CÉm-anI
Ak-ln-jvWsb Xr]vXn-s¸-Sp-¯m³ {ian-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v temI-ssh-Úm-\nI cwK-¯n-\p-Xs¶ \jvSw
hcp-¯n-sh¨ Hcp sIme-¨-Xn-bmWv sNt¿WvSn h¶Xv!
ZmÀi-\n-IÀs¡-Xn-cmb kao-]\w GXmWvSv
XpSÀ¨-bmbn Xs¶ apÉnw temIw kzoI-cn¨p F¶-XmWv hkvXp-X. Ad_n ZmÀi-\n-I-cn BZy ]Yn-I-\mbn
]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶, {Ko¡v {KÙ-§-fpsS hnhÀ¯-I-\mb AÂInµn (A.D.870) apX Xs¶
Ak-ln-jvWp-X-bpsS Cu Ncn{Xw Bcw-`n-¡p-¶pWvSv. Jeo^ ap¯-h-¡n (Mutavakkil)
k\m-X-\n-I-fpsS
ho£-W-¯n-\p- hn-t[-b-\mbn Inµn-bpsS {KÙm-ebw AS-¨p-]q-«n¨p (8)
asämcp ZmÀin-I-\mb ^mdm_n (870 - 950
A.D) sb
Im^nÀ F¶p ap{Z-Ip-¯n. (9)
]cn-K-W-\ob ZmÀi-\n-I-cn ]ns¶ {]ap-J-\mb
A_q-A-en- A lʳ ko\ (Abu Ali Al Hassan Sina, 980 - 1037 A.D) {]Ir-Xnsb
am{Xw A\m-Zn-bmbn Icp-Xn. _lp-ssZ-h-hn-izmkw t]mse Xs¶ apÉnw-IÄ¡v
Atcm-N-I-am-bn-cp¶p Cu ZÀi-\w. 1150 A.D bn _mKvZm-Znse Jeo^ apkvX³Pn-Zv,
ko\-bpsS {KÙ-§Ä Xobn-en«v Np«p Nm¼-em¡n. (10) aq¶p \qämWvSpI-fmbn _mKvZm-ZnÂ
IrkvXym-\n-Ifpw blq-Z-·mcpw ]mÀkn-Ifpw apAvXkn-en-Ifpw (Mu'
tazilites) Ckvam-Cu-en-Ifpw (Ismailites) kp¶n-Ifpw im´-ambn km[m-cW PohnXw
\bn-¨p-h-cn-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. ko\-bp-sSbpw lko-an-sâbpw {KÙ-§Ä Np«v Jeo-^-am-cpsS
_e-£bw AhÀ apX-se-Sp-¯p.
apÉnw auen-I-Xm-hm-Zn-IÄ kzX-{´-Nn-´-Isc
hgn-sX-än-bv¡p-¶-Xn-\p-thWvSn D¶-bn-¡p¶ hmZ-K-Xnbpw \mw Adn-ªn-cn-t¡WvSXpWvSv.
IrkvXp-aX ]utcm-lnXyw imkv{X-¯n-s\-Xn-cmbn \S-¯nb IpsNbvXn-IÄ¡v CÉmw-aXw D¯-c-hm-Zn¯w
hln-t¡WvSXn-Ãs{X! imkv{X-m-t\z-j-W-¯n-sâbpw XXz-Nn-´-bp-sSbpw cwK-¯p- am-{X-a-Ã,
aX- cw-K-¯-S¡w bpàn Nn´-bp-sSbpw hyàn-I-fpsS hnizm-k- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâbpw FÃm
km[y-X-Ifpw sIm«n-b-S-bv¡m³ ]gb Ime apÉnw-IÄ {i²n¨p. B ØnXn hnti-j-¯n-te¡v
{io.-_-jo-dp-±o³ hnc NqWvSp¶px
""...............-F-¶mÂ, adn-¨v,
CÉm-anI temI-¯m-I-s«, bpàn-Nn-´-bpsS kIe \nizm-k-¯n\p saXn-cmb þ hninjym
thZ-Nn-´-bpsS aWvU-e-¯n þ hmXn-ep-IÄ Xgp-Xn«p _Ôn¨p. apÉnw-IÄ Acn-tÌm-«n-en-b³
Nn´-bpsS kwhÀK-§-fpsS sam¯w kap-¨bw kzmb-¯-am-¡n-b-h-cm-bn-cp-¶n-«p- IqSn
CÉmw-an-I- tem-I¯v aX {]am-Whpw [nj-Wm-]-c-amb {]hÀ¯-\hpw X½n-epÅ hnShv
\nI-¯m-\pÅ kma-{Kn-bmbn {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-\p- ]-Icw amäm-\m-Im-¯Xpw
A´n-a-hp-am-sW¶ \nebv¡v JpÀ-B-\n-Im-[ym-]-\-§Ä¡p-ta Ønc-X-bpsS ap{Z ]Xn-¡m³
AhÀ AXp-]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯n. D]m-[n-bä {]mamWyw (absolute authority) {]Zm\w sNbvXp
sImWvSv hnÚ-cmb IpÀ-B³ hymJym-Xm-¡Ä CÉm-ans\ Hcp ^WvSsaâ-enÌv aX-am-¡p-I-bmWv
sNbvX-Xv. hnizm-k-¯nsâ Cu c£n-Xm-¡Ä IpÀ-Bsâ ]p\Àhym-Jym-\-¯n-s\-Xnsc FÃm
Icp-X-ep-Ifpw ssIs¡mWvSp. ]pXp-\nÀ½n-X-I-fpsS A]-ISw a\-Ên-em¡n CPvamAv (Ijma) -s]mXp
k½-Xn-bpsS XXzw þ \ncm-I-cn¨p. AXnsâ {]kàn CÉm-ansâ H¶mw \qämWvSn am{X-am¡n
]cn-an-X-s¸-Sp¯n amä-¯nsâ XXz-sa¶v CJv_m hnfn-¨, AY-hm, aX-hn[n
Xocp-am-\n-¡m-\pÅ kzmX-{´y-sa¶p s]mXp-hmbn a\-Ên-em-¡-s¸-Sp¶ CPvXn-lm-Znsâ hym]vXn
AhÀ {ItaW Npcp-¡n-s¡mWvSph¶p; hyàn-KX ]p\Àhym-Jym-\hpw aX `n¶-Xbpw hnip²
{KÙ-¯nsâ B[n-Im-cn-I-Xsb DÃw-Jn-bv¡p-sa¶p `b-¶p-sImWvSv HSp-hn AXnsâ
]Sn-hm-Xn AS-bv¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. thZ-im-kv{X-]-cn-]m-e-I-cpsS Cu {]hr-¯n-bpsS ]cn-W-X-^-e-ambn
ico-A¯p {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p¶ \S-]-Sn-¨-«-§-fpsS kmt¦-XnI \nb-a-]-²Xn AXnsâ
hyh-Ø-I-fn Ønchpw A´n-ahpw Bbn; GXp t`Z-K-Xnbpw \nPhpw \nb-am-\p-kr-X-hp-amb
\ne-hm-c-¯n \n¶pÅ hyXn-bm-\-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.'' (12)
4. \ho-\-Xm-hm-Zn-Ifpw auen-I-Xm-hm-Zn-Ifpw
CÉm-ans\ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS ]pXnb apJ-t¯msS
t\m¡n¡mWm³ \ho-\Xm hmZn-IÄ sImXn-¡p¶p. aX-§Ä¡I¯p s]mXp-hnepw CÉmw aX-¯n-\-I¯v
{]tXy-In¨pw \ho-I-c-W-¯n\v ]cn-an-X-amb {]k-àn-tb-D-ffp F¶p a\-Ên-em-¡m³ ChÀ
X¿m-dÃ. CPvamDw (s]mXp k½-Xn-bpsS XXzw) CPvXn-lmZpw (K-th-j-Wm-ß-I-hn-Nn-´-\w)
aäpw iàn-s¸-Sp-¯n-bm CÉmw ]ptcm-K-a\ ]c-am-Ip-sa¶ hnizm-k-¯n-em-Wn-hÀ. Ch-cpsS
`mK-¯p-\n-¶p-m-Ip¶ Gähpw henb Akw-_Ôw CÉm-an\p XnI¨pw A\y-amb B[p-\nI Bi-b-§Ä
CÉm-an-\-I-t¯¡v Hfn-¨p-I-S¯n A\ysc sXän-²-cn-¸n-¡m³ {ian-¡p¶p F¶-Xm-Wv.
auen-IXm hmZn-I-fm-I-s«,
kzX-{´y-Nn-´-bvs¡-Xn-cmb \ne-]mSv \nb-a-a-Ã, A]-hmZw am{X-amWv F¶p hcp¯n¯oÀ¯v
]cn-jvIrX a\-kv¡sc BIÀjn-¡m³ {ian-¡m-dpWvSv. hnNn-{X-amb Hcp Imcyw £am-]W
kzc-¯n-epÅ (Apologetic) CÉm-anI \ho-\-Xm-hmZ hn{In-b-IÄ X§-fpsS
A`ym-k-ap-d-I-fn IqSp-X hg-¡-t¯msS auen-IXmhmZn-IÄ DÄs¸-Sp-¯p¶p F¶-Xm-Wv.
Ak-lo-jvWp-X-bpsS kao-]\w sXämbnt¸msb¶p ]Xnª kzc-¯n Ipä-k-½Xw \S-¯p¶Xmbn
tXm¶n-¸n-¡p-t¼mgpw AhÀ am\-hn-I-X-bvs¡-Xn-cmb ka-c-¯n ià-ambn
Dd-¨p-\n¡p-I-bm-Wv. apÉnw kap-Zm-bs¯ B[p-\n-I-h¡-cn-¡m-\pÅ FÃm {ia-s¯bpw
bYmÀ°-¯n AhÀ¡pÅ tijn¡pw A¸pdw AhÀ sNdp-¯p-sImWvSncn-¡p-¶p.
P\m-b-¯w, aX-\n-c-t]-£-X, kaX F¶o B[p-\nI
Bi-b-§Ä CÉm-anI _mlyhpw \nco-iz-c-{]-Xy-b-im-kv{X-§-fpsS ^ehpw F¶v icn-bmbn Xs¶
AhÀ hne-bn-cp-¶p.
]c-kv]cw IS-¶m-{I-aWw \S-¯msX
AÔ-hn-izm-k-¯n\pw B[p-\n-I-X¡pw Hcp-an¨p t]mIm³ Ign-bnà F¶ hkvXp-Xbpw
AhÀ¡dn-bmw.
kz´w I£n-bnepw hnhn[ I£n-IÄ¡n-S-bnepw
kln-jvWpXm t_m[w (Tolerance) hfÀ¯p-¶-XmWv kam-[m-\-]-c-amb Pohn-X-¯n\p
{]tbm-P-\-s¸-SpI F¶pw adn-¨m-bm sXämb hnti-j-W-§Ä NmÀ¯n B{I-an-¡-s¸-Sm³
CS-bmIpw F¶pw apÉnw-I-fpsS Xs¶ Ncn{Xw Ahsc ]Tn-¸n-t¡WvSXm-Wv. knµn¡v (zindiq) apÂlnZv (Mulhid) F¶n-§s\bpÅ
\mkvXnI hnizm-k-§sf hfÀ¯p-¶-h-bmWv Camw-K-ÊmenbpsS {KÙ-§Ä F¶v {]N-cn-¸n¨pw
At±lw Dt±-in-¡m¯ AÀ°-hym-Jym-\-§Ä \ÂInbpw At±-ls¯ t]mepw A[n-t£-]n-¡p-I-bpWvSmbn.
aX-]-c-amb Ak-ln-jvWX DbÀ¯n _lp-P-\-§sf Cf¡nhnSp-¶Xv aX-]-£-]m-Xn-IÄ¡p t]mepw
A]-I-Sta DWvSm¡q F¶-Xn\v Gähpw henb sXfn-hmWv Camw-K-Êmen (13)
_e {]tbm-K-¯nsâ ]mc-¼cyw XpS-cp-¶Xv
X§Ä¡p-Xs¶ A]-ISw hcp¯nshbv¡p-sa¶v AhÀ a\-Ên-em-¡m³ sshIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
C_v\p _mP F¶ ZmÀi-\n-Isâ Imcy-¯nepw apÉnw
Ak-ln-jvWX AXnsâ Icn-\n-g ]c-¯n-bn-«pWvSv. ZÀi-\w, XÀ¡-im-kv{Xw, tPymXnjw
apX-emb hnj-b-§-fn ]mWvUn-X-\m-bn-cp¶p kd-tKm-k-bnse KhÀWÀ A_q-_-¡À C_v\p
C{_mlnw. _mPsb At±lw kplr¯pw a{´n-bp-am-¡n-bXv apÃ-am-cp-sSbpw ssk\y-§-fp-sSbpw
FXnÀ¸n\v CS-bm¡n. Øm\w Dt]-£n-t¡WvSnh¶ C_v\p _mP [mcmfw {KÙ-§Ä cNn¨p
A`n-{]m-b-§Ä Xpd-s¶-gp-Xn-b-Xn\v Hcn-¡Â At±-l-¯n\p Pbn hmkw hcn-t¡Wv Snh¶p
(14)
ZmÀi-\n-I-cn Gähpw {]Xn-`m-im-en-bm-bn-cp¶
C_v\p-dpjvZv (1126 - 1198, AD) Xsâ kplr-¯mb Jeo^ bAvIq_v a³kq-dnsâ
hnNm-c-Wsb t\cn-«p. aXm-Ô-cpsS Ak-ln-jvWX ]cn-K-Wn-¨v, Ahn-izm-kn-sb¶p
sXfn-bn-¡-s¸« dpjvZns\ \mSp-I-S-¯m³ hn[n-¨p. P\-§-fpsS aX- {`m´v X\n-s¡-Xnsc
Xncn-bm-Xn-cn-¡m³ ZÀi\ XÀ¡ imkv{X {KÙ-§Ä sXc-ªp-]n-Sn¨p I¯n-¨p-I-f-bm³ Hcp
{]tXyI DtZym-KØ kwLs¯ \nÝ-bn-¨-Xmbn {]Jym-]n¨p. {]kvXpX hnj-b-§Ä ]Tn-¡p-Itbm
]Tn-¸n-¡p-Itbm sN¿p-¶-hÀ¡p ITn-\-in£ \ÂIp-¶-Xm-sW¶pw {]Jym-]n-¨p. CXp-kw-_-Ôn¨v
Hcp cmP-Iob hnf-_wcw FgpXn \mSmsI {]kn²w sNbvXp. (15)
A[n-Imcw Dd-¸n-¡-W-sa-¦n aXm-Ô-X-bp-ambn
hn«p-hogvN thWvSn- hcpw F¶ [mcW aXw \ne-\n¡p¶ Ime-t¯mfw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-IÄ¡v
DWvSmbn-cn-¡pw. \nÀ®m-bI L«-¯n dpjvZns\ in£n-¡m-Xn-cn-¡m³ Xc-an-ÃmsX h¶
Jeo-^bpsS Ncn-{X-¯n \n¶pw a\-Ên-em-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶-X-§-s\-bm-Wv. dpjvZns\
\mSp-I-S-¯n-b -tijw Pl_n, Dkq-en, _Pm-b, I^o-^v, Icm-_n F¶n-§s\bpÅ aäp
ZmÀi-\n-I-·m-scbpw \mS-I-S-¯p-I-bpWv Smbn. Blvfm-Z-¯m aXn-a-d¶ apÃ-amÀ
{]iw-km-Im-hy-§Ä cNn¨p F¶p {]tXyIw ]d-tbWvSXn-Ã-tÃm. (16)
5. am\-hn-I-Xm-hm-Z-¯n-te¡p apt¶-dpI
B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS kwkv¡mcw Pohn-X-ssi-en-bm¡n
amäm³ \nc-h[n tijn-IÄ ssIh-cn-t¡WvSXpWv Sv. Bg-ta-dnb Adn-hnsâ DS-a-bm-I-Ww.
bpàn-t_m-[-¯nsâ sXfn-abpw \thm-°m\ Ncn-{Xs¯¡pdn-¨pÅ t_m[w \ÂIp¶
{]Xn-tcm-[-ti-jnbpw kzmb-¯-am-¡-Ww. aX-\n-c-t]-£-X-bpsS {]hÀ¯\ \nc-X-\mb
ssk\n-I-\m-I-Ww.
_mey-¯n aX-]m-T-im-e-bn \n¶p-In-«nb
hmZ-ap-J-§-fp-ambn am\-hn-I-Xm-hm-Zn-Isf t\cn-Sp¶ hnZym-k-¼-¶-cmb apÉnw
kplr-¯p-¡-fpWvSv. hnizm-k-an-sÃ-¦nepw Hgp-¡n-s\m¯p \o§ns¡mWvSn-cn-¡p-¶-hÀ [mcm-f-apWvSv. X§Ä DÄs¸-Sp¶ aX-k-aq-Zm-bs¯ kw_-Ôn-¡p¶ FÃm Imcy-§-fnepw At\z-j-W-¯nsâbpw
kwi-b-¯n-sâbpw tNmZyw sN¿-en-sâbpw ]cn-tim-[-\-bp-sSbpw ssien-bn-te-¡p- h-cm³
ChÀ ss[cyw ImWn-t¡WvSnbn-cn-¡p¶p. kam-\-Nn-´m-K-Xn-¡msc IWvsS¯m³ H«pw Xs¶
{]bm-k-apWvSmhn-Ã. ià-amb Hcp am\-hn-I-Xm-{]-Øm-\-¯n-te¡p kp[ocw apt¶m«p \o§m³
AhÀ X¿m-dm-tIWvSnbn-cn-¡p-¶p.
B[p\n-I-X-bn-te-¡pÅ {]bmWw F¶mÂ
aX-Io-b-X-bn \n¶pw am\-hn-I-X-bn-te-¡pÅ apt¶äw F¶m-WÀ°w. \nc-´c \ho-\X
F¶m-WÀ°w. am\-hn-IXm hmZw DZvtLm-jn-¡p-¶Xv \nc-´-c-\-ho-\-X-bpsS km[y-X-bm-Wv.
{]K-Xn-bpsS ]mX AsXm-¶p-am-{X-am-Wv.
kpN-\-IÄxþ
1. Page 419, History of
Western Philospohy. Bertrand Russel, George Allen and Unwin Ltd. London, 1974.
2. Hasan Askari, 'Islam
and Modernity'. Pages 224,225 in "India and contumporary Islam.
Proceedings of a seminar. Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Simla; 1971.
3. Chapter I,' Seince
and Philosiphy' , M.N.Roy. Ajantha Publications, Delhi, 1984.
4. Pages. 12,13 Fifty
Great Eastern Thinkers. Diane collinson etc. Routledge, London, 2004
5. S.Bashirudhin,
'Modernity and Traditionalisam in Islam in contemporary India'. Proceedings, of
a seminar. Indian Institute of Advanced study. Simla 1971
6. t]Pv. 147,
CÉm-anI XXz-Nn´. cmlp kmwIr-Xym-b³. d_ _p¡vkv, Be-¸p-g, 1991
7. t]Pv. 154,
(ap-I-fn ]cm-aÀin¨ ]pkvX-Iw)
8. t]Pv. 68 (AtX
]pkvX-Iw)
9. t]Pv 86 (AtX
]pkvX-Iw)
10. t]Pv 97 (AtX ]pkvX-Iw)
11. t]Pv 107 (AtX ]pkvX-Iw)
12. S.
Bashiruddin, ' Modernity and Traditionalism in Islam in contemporary India',
Page 236, 'India and contemporary Islam. Proceeding of a seminar. Indian
institute of Advanced study. Simla 1977.(ap¼p kqNn-¸n-¨n-«pWvSv-v)
13. t]Pv 110; CÉm-anI
XXz-Nn´ cmlp kmwIr-Xym-b³ (ap¼p kqNn-¸n-¨n-«pWvSv)
14. t]Pv 161 (D-]cn kqNnX
]pkvX-Iw)
15. t]Pv 179 (D-]cn kqNnX
]pkvX-Iw)
16. t]Pv 181 (D-]cn kqNnX
]pkvX-Iw)
A_vZpÂ
aPo-Zv.-bp.]n
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